Business and Technology become more and more entwine...

Correctly speaking, IT is aligning with other Line of Businesses of an enterprise to achieve IT’s contribution level to the overall enterprise objective. IT is just like any other Line of Business. Remember Business is not IT’s customer. "Business is a customer of IT" is an old concept. To make simple I will refer IT LoB as IT and other LoBs as Business.

Business and Technology become more and more entwine. IT is trying to align with the business, but it is become more and more challenging, because enterprises are expecting IT to take lead in IT and Business convergence process.

So, we need to focus on business side design and processes. While analyzing the business issues, it is essential to tighten the linkage between Technology and the Business, specifically integrating the IT with business to support today’s business need.  The dynamic nature of the business implies rapid change.  For business leaders, the impact of change is profound.  They must contend with an increasingly diverse set of emerging competitors, an unpredictable socio-economic environment, and an increasingly demanding and fickle customer set.  In addition to all of these challenges, they must meet the expectation of financial markets that their organization will deliver consistent growth in profitability, despite the dynamic environment in which they operate. The characteristics of the IT operating environment must create superior competitive capabilities and will be able to focus on defining and managing their differentiating capabilities. The environment needs to build flexible business and technology structures to allow IT infrastructure to be more responsive to market changes – and do so at lower costs in near real-time.  This can be accomplished by creating enterprise architecture using TOGAF framework. It will be most effective, proven and efficient approach. We will discuss starting from Business Architecture, Phase B of TOGAF.

Most enterprises have representative business processes and design, but elaboration of corresponding business architecture may not exist. It will be appropriate if the enterprise adopt a two prong approach. Implementing such architecture will create competitive advantages for the organization and enable it to realize operational efficiencies and overall improvement. Careful orchestrated Enterprise Architecture design will pay back. Business Architecture is not a waste in a project. A typical business reference model (BRM) uses a three tiered hierarchy with Business Areas at the highest level, followed by Line of Business and finally business sub-function.  One should review business process and design when working on each tier of BRM and design a cohesive Business Architecture. Designing Data Architecture using Data Reference Module in conjunction with Business Architecture will pay off in the long run. Analyzing Business context for data categorization and analyzing data element for data structure need business architecture documents as input. Compromising BA documents is not a good idea. Go to Basics… Business Architecture, Data Architecture, and together with Use Case documents can help to create an underpinning system that will pay back and truly eliminate the complexity. Following picture depicts the flow of BA, UML diagram, and then uses these artifacts as an input to Information architecture. For detail explanation and white papers please contact me.

Business Architecture Components

Reference use: Open group and TOGAF . 

So, you design cloud infrastructure using SOA design style and adopt web service as your preferred implementation model

Figure 1

Cloud Computing, Service Oriented Architecture, and Web Services, all are here and these three are the major contributors to the new IT Trend.  Cloud computing is emerging as a big market opportunity. Vendors are coming up with various products and solutions to acquire market share in the Cloud computing. Now we have many options to select a cloud computing vendor based on our specific needs. According to a recent report top ten vendors, who are providing cloud computing services and products are listed in this site. They can enable your cloud infrastructure through providing services, products, and solutions. But you should make your own decision where and how you want to move forward with new IT trend. In this article I will focus on cloud computing, SOA, and Web Services to provide some food for thought in decision making process.

Many enterprises are already started investing and some are in planning phase. Biggest challenge is how to implement these technologies or transform existing infrastructure and operating environment into new paradigm of computing model. How to do the transformation of existing infrastructure? In this column I will first explore what SOA, Web services, and Cloud computing are? Is there any synergy among them? How they fit with each other? Then we can create a strategy to adopt SOA, Web services, and Cloud computing to transform existing IT environment into new generation of computing model. It is important we must know what they are. So, we will be able to make right decision.

Service Oriented Architecture or SOA is a design style and it is existed for some time.  Design style is always built upon a set of principles which governs its characteristics and use. SOA has the following characteristics: encapsulation, modular, loosely couple, separation of concerns, composability, and single implementation. Does it sound familiar?  Is this not similar to object oriented design? Is not SOA an evolution of object oriented design?  Answers to all these questions are “YES”. Therefore, SOA is not new to IT Architecture domain, rather, evolution from object oriented model. Like any other design style, SOA also benefited from the lessons learned from its predecessor design style.  SOA style of design offers several benefits to an enterprise, like it can reduce product development life cycle, increase business responsiveness, and agility. These business benefits are tremendous in today’s dynamic business environment and new economy.  IT community also benefitted through SOA adoption. As SOA design style helps to build services once and use multiple times, it promotes process consistency. SOA design style standardizes integration and reduces solutions complexity.  Therefore, SOA is a design style that provides benefits to both business and IT Communities.

Web Services is a technology that follows the SOA style of design. SOA and its underlying principles have existed longer than Web Services. Web service is the instantiation of service oriented architecture, it use open standard, interoperability, and asynchronous implementation of decoupled systems.  Therefore, it is a preferred technology choice for implementing SOA. On the other hand there are many web services implementations that are not SOA, like connecting two heterogeneous systems directly together. Web services have three components, Service requester, Service provider, and Service registry. They perform Bind, Publish, and Find functions.

In my previous article I discussed cloud computing in detail. Infrastructure service is most critical in cloud computing environment. It can help enterprise to scale up to massive capacities. Elastic characteristic of cloud computing can provide on-demand resource provisioning. This eliminates over-provisioning when used with utility pricing. It also removes the need to over-provision in order to meet the demands of millions of users. All are achieved at infrastructure and middleware services layer. Underpinning technologies enable all these capabilities. Cloud computing benefits to small and medium-sized businesses who wish to completely outsource their data-center infrastructure, or large companies who wish to get peak load capacity without incurring the higher cost of building larger data centers internally. This is a very important decision point.

So you create cloud infrastructure using SOA design style and adopt web service as your preferred implementation model.  Now the most challenging part is decision. We have many scenarios, many data points to consider, which is the right for your company? So on and so forth. Each components of the logical view (Figure 1) of the new IT environment need proper evaluation. Many questions need to be answered.  Making right decision is the key to the success of your target Enterprise Architecture.

   

Inside cloud computing

Recent study by Yankee Group revealed, by 2014 cloud computing will be $42B market. Much is being talked about cloud computing. Some people believe even today, it is hype, because it uses already established computing technology, others think it is disruptive trend representing the next level in the evolution of the internet. Few years back in Web 2.0 Expo a question was asked “What is cloud computing?”  The answers were captured and uploaded in the YouTube by Joyent, very interesting video. We learn cloud computing definition from users’ perspective; it delivers services to the consumers in a simplified way. As an user you do not need to know how you are getting the service. But the enterprise adopting cloud computing model need to know the detail about: cloud computing architecture, what are the requirements, how to develop, how to implement, what are all benefits, so on and so forth. Here I will look into the basics of cloud computing from a very high level.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides somewhat more objective and specific definition as depicted in the following picture:

Let’s focus on Cloud computing characteristics, we see, cloud computing architecture has two distinct domains that enable cloud computing.  They are Infrastructure, which is comprised of Network, Server, Storage, and Software. Infrastructure  which will provide on demand self service capability, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured services.  Network component of infrastructure will provide broad network access. Other domain is the end user, who will use the cloud services.  

Infrastructure – On demand Self service: IT Infrastructure needs to provide secured computing resources 24X7 with five nines availability, and should be resilient to enable cloud services. A virtual platform is ideal to provide computing power.

In the Cloud computing era business resilience has moved us from the sense of reacting to recover from an event to becoming impervious to the event. Business continuity focus upon a defensive resilience posture, it consist of three building blocks – Recovery, Hardening and Redundancy – that are widely recognized as vital ingredient for successful business continuity plans. A defensive posture is useful in protecting the organization and its revenue streams but it does not help the bottom line that will support cloud computing environment and overall business growth.

Three further building blocks that support an offensive resilience posture, which are focused upon improving the organization’s competitive position in the cloud environment – Accessibility, Diversification and Autonomic computing. In practice these building blocks can be used all together or in various combinations depending upon need. For example diversifying operations might allow hardening to be limited other than at sites where critical applications and data reside.

Business Resilience should encompass:  continuity, availability, security, recovery and scalability spanning and supporting six discrete layers to support on demand self service for greater QoS to the end users.

IT Infrastructure – Rapid scaling: Scaling an IT infrastructure means managing the performance and capacities of each component within the infrastructure. The basic objectives of scaling a component/system are to:

• Increase the capacity or speed of the component.
• Improve the efficiency of the component/system.
• Shift or reduce the load on the component.
• Improve overall customer experience

Increasing the scalability of one component, the result may change the dynamics of the entire site service; thereby it is moving the bottleneck to another component. The scalability of the infrastructure depends on the ability of each component to scale to meet increasing demands. So we need to take a holistic view of the IT Infrastructure that include server, clustering, network, storage, workload, and understand the application environment.

Infrastructure: Resource pooling is more about computing resource management to support 24X7 and 99.999 availability. This can be accomplished by adopting virtualization technology. Server, storage and network virtualization can support computing resource requirement more efficiently, but to have optimum computing resource and cost/performance perspective it is essential to do right provisioning by adopting just-in-time approach. Remember most virtualization solutions are not efficiently provisioned and adopt just-in-case approach.

To enable measured service an utility computing services require. The utility computing system (also referred to as a utility system or simply a utility) is a system that can automatically create and manage multiple utility computing services (utilities services, for short) on a shared infrastructure.  The infrastructure consists of pool of hardware resources, such as servers, storage, and network appliances, as well as software resources, such as operating systems, middleware, and applications.

Utility computing services is the “pay-as-you-go” model.  To implement this model, one needs a flexible way to meter the services and resources being used. The UMI (Universal Management Infrastructure) architecture, designed to provide common functions that are needed by most, if not all, of the utilities in a utility computing system, includes a critical metering function.  The architecture of the metering system is hierarchical and highly flexible.  The metering service architecture should include how UMI's metering service function is used in the context of utility computing services, for collecting and storing metered data, computing service metrics (which are useful to the data-consuming applications), and feeding the metrics to various consumer modules (e.g., for accounting and billing).

Infrastructure: Broad network access can be accomplished by augmenting existing typical resilient network topology, like point to point connections, mesh configuration, ring configuration, various  fiber  transport to support failover, through newer trend like Yankee Group’s Anywhere IT approach.   

 We need to do lot of work to support the cloud computing model at infrastructure level. Eliminating detail foundation work may deliver Cloud computing for the enterprise faster, but at some point need to take a holistic look and assess the total need to support cloud computing. I am creating a detail approach and reference architecture to enable enterprise cloud computing for our clients. Please contact me for the artifacts. Before closing this article I would like you to think … how SOA, Web services, and Cloud computing fit together? 

Merging EAI, EII, and ETL initiatives can add more values and it is economical

Last August I discussed about enterprise application integration to address CEOs challenge and pain points.  Simplification and Sustainability were the two major concerns for most CEOs in 2010. I think this issue will remain for the next couple of years until enterprise IT environments are fully integrated.  We need to have a single virtualized platform that provides the technical underpinning of the system.  This should be architected from the ground up as a modern, open, web services, services-oriented platform.  The platform sits on top of the existing infrastructure investments and provides one single solution for any business person. Therefore, the magic word is Integration. Adopting right techniques for the integration will be the key to success in the new economy. Platform requires providing universal capabilities to deliver targeted information to knowledge workers, decision-makers, and other business folks in the organization whenever and wherever they need it.  These capabilities enable users across the organization so that regardless of where individuals sit.

Now the challenge is how to make the architecture simple. Most enterprises are struggling to simplify their IT Infrastructure, too many applications, too many systems. Some of them may be redundant. They are not integrated. At the same time business areas trying to unlock the business value of the information for competitive advantage. Business Executives are facing tremendous challenge the information they are getting cannot be trusted because of silos information, or provide miss information due to volume and variety they are having, or reading wrong information due to dynamic nature of the business.  Therefore most IT Organizations are facing three major issues:

(1)    Applications need to be integrated at enterprise level

(2)    Information need to be integrated and consistent throughout the organization

(3)    Information must be trusted across the organization

The best way to approach these issues to look into all three problems are at the same time. Because if we visualize a typical information architecture framework we see three unique services we need in the information integration layer to deliver trusted information on a single glass pan and among others services they are:

(1)    Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) service,

(2)    Enterprise Information Integration (EII) service,

(3)    Extract Transform and Load (ETL) service,

and their unique capabilities in combination address those issues.

For application-to-application integration EAI will provide message-based, transaction-oriented, point-to-point or point-to-hub brokering techniques, EII will provide optimized & transparent data access and transformation layer providing a single relational interface across all enterprise data, and ETL will help set-oriented, point-in-time transformation for migration, consolidation, and data warehousing. The common thread “Transformation” related to data may confuse us. But all three are unique and we need to have all three to create a robust platform to address integration of applications, to provide trusted information, and to provide require business intelligence. This will create a robust foundation for Business Intelligence service.   Looking only to integrate applications is not the right approach to solve BI issue. Furthermore if we think about the use case for EAI, ETL and EII, we will find they define what they do with the data, how they move it and where, and the structure of the entities they work on. Only EAI or only EII or only ETL cannot support CEO’s objective or solve CEO’s pain points. Moreover you will miss the opportunity to explore EII and ETL scope, and improving the data quality at enterprise level.  For detail approach and road map please contact me.

IT Modernization strategy

Service Oriented Architecture is here, Web services is become a leading technology choice to use for implementing SOA. We see web services is the most promising instantiation of service oriented architecture due to the use of open standards, asynchronous processing of decoupled systems, and of course a strong drive towards interoperability. The new trend of architecture style and computing model can be implemented very easily. But how we can get most out of the software and hardware assets that enterprises have invested thus far?  Many organizations are started new endeavor of modernizing their IT. I will try to explore the most challenging areas that enterprise needs to work on.  I think major challenge that enterprise will face:

1. Leveraging existing and use new talent.
2. Using existing codes in new ways and aligning them with the business rules.
3. Changing processes to accommodate new technology
4. Code modernization
5. Simple and complex Multilanguage source code analysis.
6. Architecture and design modernization.
7. Compiler & IDE strategy – Distributed application development.

In summary people process and technology modernization is the core of IT modernization. Therefore IT modernization should be undertaken as a strategic vision and where the new initiatives should adopt new technology.  IT Strategy and road map development need an agile approach and the biggest challenge is how to execute IT Modernization tasks most cost effective manner and without disturbing day-to-day businesses. I have created a detail white paper and a technique paper to help my clients to transform their IT into new paradigm. Please contact me for the white paper on this subject.   

Cloud computing model has created a greater challenge for IT Security professionals

Cloud computing model has created a greater challenge for IT Security professionals. In this article I am exploring various aspects of today’s security solution. When considering security solution we cannot separate IT Security from Business resiliency. How we can make IT environment secured resilient in cloud computing environment? Business resilience has moved us from the sense of reacting and then recovering from an event to becoming impervious to the event. Business continuity focus upon a defensive resilience posture, it consist of three building blocks – Recovery, Hardening and Redundancy – these are widely recognized as vital components  for successful business continuity plans. A defensive posture is useful in protecting the organization and its revenue streams but it does not directly help the bottom line.

An offensive resilience posture also consists of three building blocks, which are focused upon improving the organization’s competitive position – Accessibility, Diversification and Autonomic computing. In cloud computing environment these three components are become more critical, as we need to add security. In practice these building blocks can be used all together or in various combinations depending upon need. For example diversifying operations might allow hardening to be limited other than at sites where critical applications and data reside. Business resilience encompass business as well as IT Operations and it can be thought of as spanning six discrete layers: Strategy, Organization, Process, data/application, technology and facilities/security. We need to consider all six services layers.

Developing a security system model is the first step of architecting security solution. Common Criteria are considered to be the description of the complete function of the security system model. Common Criteria provide a taxonomy for evaluating security functionality through a set of functional and assurance requirements. The Common Criteria include 11 functional classes of requirements:

1.     Security audit

2.     Communication

3.     Cryptographic support

4.     User data protection

5.     Identification and authentication

6.     Management of security functions

7.     Privacy

8.     Protection of security functions

9.     Resource utilization

10.  Component access

11.  Trusted path or channel

These 11 functional classes are further divided into 66 families, each containing a number of component criteria. There are approximately 130 component criteria currently documented, with the recognition that designers may add additional component criteria to a specific design. There is a formal process for adopting component criteria through the Common Criteria administrative body, which can be found at: http://csrc.nist.gov/cc/

The Common Criteria functional criteria are re-aggregated by adopting multiple steps that include removing the class and family structures. An analysis of the 130 component-level requirements in relation to their function within an NIS solution suggests a partitioning into five operational categories or security sub system:

Security audit subsystem:

Solution Integrity Subsystem

Access control subsystem:

Information flow control subsystem:

Identity or credential subsystem

To design this complex security systems need a robust method and security and business continuity group need to work together to architect the secure solution that can sustain today’s cloud computing environment.

Taking infrastructure optimization and virtual world of computing to the next level.

Computing is no longer for the computers, more than half of the world Chips are used by the consumer electronics gear. Object-to-object connectivity has increased tremendously and will grow more.  Number of object and devices connected to internet will grow astronomically.  Primarily shrinking (nanotechnology), thinking (smart technology), tagging (Radio frequency), and feeling (sensors) will lead the IT World to the new world of innovation. The way we Manage information, work with the information, and delivering/capturing information is rapidly changing. We see financial sectors are transforming their information delivery model to a new dimension, competing to capture more customers by delivering superior quality customer satisfaction.  Enterprises are delivering information through multiple channels like Branch, Call center, Electronics, Self-service, and through multiple devices. Multichannel delivery solution module creating opportunity to transform existing architecture into SOA based Architecture and enjoying SOA’s benefit.

Enterprises are changing their work environment to become more productive, utilizing in-house skills and talents more effectively.  Delivery channel is now encompasses rich collaborative capabilities, flexible and open programmability platform, and integrated users’ experience. Most companies have at least 15 different collaborative capabilities. The scope of architecting delivery channel module has expanded and become more challenging. Responsibility of Enterprise Architect has increased they need to map delivery channel module appropriately with the TOGAF framework (assuming TOGAF as a standard frame work), need to enhance governance model, need to integrate multi channel delivery, need Information integration, and hardware/software solution evaluation and adoption.

Optimize delivery channel and delivering consistent information is the biggest challenge. Enterprise Information Integration and channel infrastructure integration will play a big role in optimization outside data center or infrastructure domain. If we take a look into capital market business model, they have typically sell side, buy side and trading exchange. We see primarily six patterns in all the three hubs. Access Integration, Application Integration, and Collaboration, so on and so forth. Optimizing each of these patterns can help to save tremendous amount of cost.  Contact me for detail about optimization and its implementation.